9.4 Towards absolute zero
9.4.1 Absolute zero
concept
9.4.2
Heating and cooling
First law of thermodynamics
D
Q =
D
U +
D
W
Work done by an ideal gas expanding against constant pressure: W = p
D
V
Specific latent heat
Cooling by evaporation
Cooling by adiabatic expansion of a gas
The Joule Kelvin effect
more notes
Inversion temperature
Discussion of Andrew's experiment
more notes,
yet more notes
9.4.3
Liquefaction of gases
Graphs of p against V
and
p V against p
The Boyle temperature
,
critical temperature
and
critical pressure
Outline of the
Joule Kelvin effect
to
liquefy a gas
Countercurrent heat exchanger
Significance of the
Inversion temperature
9.4.4
Superfluids and superconductors
Discovery of liquid helium as a superfluid
Disappearance of the viscosity of liquid helium below the lambda point
Superfluid effects
Variation of resistivity with temperature for a superconductor
Metals, alloys and compounds as superconductors
Critical temperature
and
current density
High temperature superconductors
and
possible applications
Comprehension questions
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